僧伽羅文翻譯As a new millennium begins 翻譯公司 scholars say that about one-fourth of the world’s population can communicate to some degree in English.
Monday, April 9 翻譯公司 2007SINGAPORE: Riding the crest of globalization and technology, English dominates the world as no language ever has, and some linguists are now saying it may never be dethroned as the king of languages.
In a phenomenon never seen before 翻譯公司 Crystal said, English is spoken in some form by three times as many nonnative speakers as native speakers.
Even if English were somehow to collapse as the language of its birthplace, England, Crystal said 翻譯公司 it would continue its worldwide dominance unperturbed.
"We may well be approaching a critical moment in human linguistic history," Crystal wrote. "It is possible that a global language will emerge only once."
It is the common language in almost every endeavor, from science to air traffic control to the global jihad, where it is apparently the means of communication between speakers of Arabic and other languages.
"If you stay in the mind-set of 15th-century Europe, the future of Latin is extremely bright 翻譯公司" said Nicholas Ostler, the author of a language history called "Empires of the Word" who is writing a history of Latin. "If you stay in the mind-set of the 20th-century world 翻譯公司 the future of English is extremely bright."
"English is dominant in a way that no language has ever been before," he said. "It is vastly unclear to me what actual mechanism could uproot English given conditions as they are."
It has consolidated its dominance as the language of the Internet, where 80 percent of the world’s electronically stored information is in English 翻譯公司 according to David Graddol, a linguist and researcher.
Some insist that linguistic evolution will continue to take its course over the centuries and that English could eventually die as a common language as Latin did, or Phoenician or Sanskrit or Sogdian before it.
The pidgin of Papua New Guinea already has its own literature and translations of Shakespeare. One enterprising scholar has translated "Don Quixote" into Spanglish, the hybrid of English and Spanish that is spoken along the borders of Mexico and the United States.
Tomorrow: The world’s top universities are shifting into English, but the move is not without its difficulties, for faculty and students.
有人說二十一世紀英文會示微，但證據顯示，因為全球化 翻譯原因，全球利用英文生齒越來越多，為了和外界溝通、網路上百分之八十是英文，使得英文的利用只有越來越遍及 翻譯社別的，英文乃至也有越來越在地化的趨向，出現新加坡英文、西班牙英文（在墨西哥與美國邊疆利用），證實了說話的有機性。
New vernaculars have emerged in such places as Singapore, Nigeria and the Caribbean, although widespread literacy and mass communication may be slowing the natural process of diversification.
But unlike Latin and other former common languages, most scholars say English seems to be too widespread and too deeply entrenched to die out. Instead, it is likely to survive in some simplified international form - sometimes called Globish or World Standard Spoken English - side by side with its offspring.
English and globalization have spread hand in hand through the world, Warschauer said. "Having a global language has assisted globalization, and globalization has consolidated the global language," he said. That process started with the dominance of two successive English-speaking empires, British and American, and continues today with the new virtual empire of the Internet.
A recent study found that the Queen’s English - the language as spoken by the queen of England - has evolved over the past 50 years, becoming slightly less plummy and slightly more proletarian. But the future evolution of the language, scholars say, is more likely to belong to the broken-English speakers of far-off lands.
Across cultures 翻譯公司 English is the word
"English has become the second language of everybody," said Mark Warschauer, a professor of education and informatics at the University of California, Irvine. "It’s gotten to the point where almost in any part of the world to be educated means to know English."
That skepticism seems to be a minority view. Experts on the English language like David Crystal, author of "English as a Global Language," say the world has changed so drastically that history is no longer a guide.
After that 翻譯公司 Crystal said 翻譯公司 it would be very hard to dislodge. "The last quarter of the 20th century will be seen as a critical time in the emergence of this global language," he said.
Two years ago for the first time 翻譯公司 a nonnative English speaker, Jun Liu of China 翻譯公司 was elected president of the global education association Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, known as Tesol.
"Estonian has an amazing Web presence 翻譯公司" McWhorter said. But when Estonians speak on the Internet with people outside their small country, they will continue to use English.
In some places 翻譯公司 he said, English has invaded the workplace along with the global economy. Some Swedish companies, for example, use English within the workplace 翻譯公司 even though they are in Sweden, because so much of their business is done, through the Internet and other communcations 翻譯公司 with the outside world.
John McWhorter, a linguist at the Manhattan Institute 翻譯公司 a research group in New York, and the author of a history of language called "The Power of Babel 翻譯公司" was more unequivocal.
Others see pitfalls 翻譯公司 but the factors they cite only underscore the grip English has on the world: cataclysms like nuclear war or climate change or the eventual perfection of a translation machine that would make a common language unnecessary.
But in the end 翻譯公司 Ostler said, all of this could become moot. The advance of technology that helped push English into its commanding position could pull it down again.
The teaching of English has become a multibillion-dollar industry, and according to Graddol, nearly one-third of the world’s population will soon be studying English.
By the most common estimates, 400 million people speak English as a first language, another 300 million to 500 million as a fluent second language 翻譯公司 and perhaps 750 million as a foreign language.
"We are a majority," Nerrière said, "so our way of speaking English should be the official way of speaking English."
By Seth Mydans
As a simplified form of global English emerges 翻譯公司 the diverging forms spoken in Britain and America could become no more than local dialects - two more Englishes alongside the Singlish spoken in Singapore or the Taglish spoken in the Philippines. A native speaker of English might need to become bilingual in his own language to converse with other speakers of global English.
Though it still sounds like science fiction, it seems likely that some time, many decades from now 翻譯公司 a machine will be perfected that can produce Urdu when it hears someone speaking German.
Although Chinese and other languages are rapidly increasing their share of Internet traffic 翻譯公司 English is likely to remain the common language, experts say.
The largest English-speaking nation in the world, the United States 翻譯公司 has only about 20 percent of the world’s English speakers. In Asia alone, an estimated 350 million people speak English, about the same as the combined English-speaking populations of Britain 翻譯公司 the United States and Canada.
Thus the English language no longer "belongs" to its native speakers but to the world, just as organized soccer, say, is an international sport that is no longer associated with its origins in Britain.
"The people who were once colonized by the language are now rapidly remaking it, domesticating it 翻譯公司 becoming more and more relaxed about the way they use it," wrote the Indian author Salman Rushdie in an essay in 1991.
At telephone call centers around the world, the emblem of a globalized workplace, the language spoken is 翻譯公司 naturally, English. On the radio, pop music carries the sounds of English to almost every corner of the earth.
"This is the first time we actually have a language spoken genuinely globally by every country in the world," he said. "There are no precedents to help us see what will happen."
There may be more native speakers of Chinese, Spanish or Hindi 翻譯公司 but it is English they speak when they talk across cultures, and English they teach their children to help them become citizens of an increasingly intertwined world.
As English continues to spread, the linguists say 翻譯公司 it is fragmenting, as Latin did, into a family of dialects - and perhaps eventually fully fledged languages - known as Englishes.
"You have too many words in English," said Jean-Paul Nerrière 翻譯公司 a retired vice president of IBM USA 翻譯公司 who is French. He has proposed his own version of Globish that would have just 15,000 simple words for use by nonnative speakers.
文章出自: http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/globalist/post/1283940609有關翻譯的問題歡迎諮詢華碩翻譯社
New vernaculars have emerged in such places as Singapore, Nigeria and the Caribbean, although widespread literacy and mass communication may be slowing the natural process of diversification.
But unlike Latin and other former common languages, most scholars say English seems to be too widespread and too deeply entrenched to die out. Instead, it is likely to survive in some simplified international form - sometimes called Globish or World Standard Spoken English - side by side with its offspring.
English and globalization have spread hand in hand through the world, Warschauer said. "Having a global language has assisted globalization, and globalization has consolidated the global language," he said. That process started with the dominance of two successive English-speaking empires, British and American, and continues today with the new virtual empire of the Internet.
A recent study found that the Queen’s English - the language as spoken by the queen of England - has evolved over the past 50 years, becoming slightly less plummy and slightly more proletarian. But the future evolution of the language, scholars say, is more likely to belong to the broken-English speakers of far-off lands.
Across cultures 翻譯公司 English is the word
"English has become the second language of everybody," said Mark Warschauer, a professor of education and informatics at the University of California, Irvine. "It’s gotten to the point where almost in any part of the world to be educated means to know English."
That skepticism seems to be a minority view. Experts on the English language like David Crystal, author of "English as a Global Language," say the world has changed so drastically that history is no longer a guide.
After that 翻譯公司 Crystal said 翻譯公司 it would be very hard to dislodge. "The last quarter of the 20th century will be seen as a critical time in the emergence of this global language," he said.
Two years ago for the first time 翻譯公司 a nonnative English speaker, Jun Liu of China 翻譯公司 was elected president of the global education association Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, known as Tesol.
"Estonian has an amazing Web presence 翻譯公司" McWhorter said. But when Estonians speak on the Internet with people outside their small country, they will continue to use English.
In some places 翻譯公司 he said, English has invaded the workplace along with the global economy. Some Swedish companies, for example, use English within the workplace 翻譯公司 even though they are in Sweden, because so much of their business is done, through the Internet and other communcations 翻譯公司 with the outside world.
John McWhorter, a linguist at the Manhattan Institute 翻譯公司 a research group in New York, and the author of a history of language called "The Power of Babel 翻譯公司" was more unequivocal.
Others see pitfalls 翻譯公司 but the factors they cite only underscore the grip English has on the world: cataclysms like nuclear war or climate change or the eventual perfection of a translation machine that would make a common language unnecessary.
But in the end 翻譯公司 Ostler said, all of this could become moot. The advance of technology that helped push English into its commanding position could pull it down again.
The teaching of English has become a multibillion-dollar industry, and according to Graddol, nearly one-third of the world’s population will soon be studying English.
By the most common estimates, 400 million people speak English as a first language, another 300 million to 500 million as a fluent second language 翻譯公司 and perhaps 750 million as a foreign language.
"We are a majority," Nerrière said, "so our way of speaking English should be the official way of speaking English."
By Seth Mydans
As a simplified form of global English emerges 翻譯公司 the diverging forms spoken in Britain and America could become no more than local dialects - two more Englishes alongside the Singlish spoken in Singapore or the Taglish spoken in the Philippines. A native speaker of English might need to become bilingual in his own language to converse with other speakers of global English.
Though it still sounds like science fiction, it seems likely that some time, many decades from now 翻譯公司 a machine will be perfected that can produce Urdu when it hears someone speaking German.
Although Chinese and other languages are rapidly increasing their share of Internet traffic 翻譯公司 English is likely to remain the common language, experts say.
The largest English-speaking nation in the world, the United States 翻譯公司 has only about 20 percent of the world’s English speakers. In Asia alone, an estimated 350 million people speak English, about the same as the combined English-speaking populations of Britain 翻譯公司 the United States and Canada.
Thus the English language no longer "belongs" to its native speakers but to the world, just as organized soccer, say, is an international sport that is no longer associated with its origins in Britain.
"The people who were once colonized by the language are now rapidly remaking it, domesticating it 翻譯公司 becoming more and more relaxed about the way they use it," wrote the Indian author Salman Rushdie in an essay in 1991.
At telephone call centers around the world, the emblem of a globalized workplace, the language spoken is 翻譯公司 naturally, English. On the radio, pop music carries the sounds of English to almost every corner of the earth.
"This is the first time we actually have a language spoken genuinely globally by every country in the world," he said. "There are no precedents to help us see what will happen."
There may be more native speakers of Chinese, Spanish or Hindi 翻譯公司 but it is English they speak when they talk across cultures, and English they teach their children to help them become citizens of an increasingly intertwined world.
As English continues to spread, the linguists say 翻譯公司 it is fragmenting, as Latin did, into a family of dialects - and perhaps eventually fully fledged languages - known as Englishes.
"You have too many words in English," said Jean-Paul Nerrière 翻譯公司 a retired vice president of IBM USA 翻譯公司 who is French. He has proposed his own version of Globish that would have just 15,000 simple words for use by nonnative speakers.
文章出自: http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/globalist/post/1283940609有關翻譯的問題歡迎諮詢華碩翻譯社
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